Workaholism and burnout among stricto sensu graduate professors / Workaholism e burnout entre docentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of excessive work and compulsive work with the dimensions of the burnout syndrome in masters and doctoral professors of Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study carried out with 585 permanent professors of stricto sensu graduate studies in Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. Data collection took place between February and August 2019, by an online questionnaire. The outcomes of this study were the compulsive work and excessive work dimensions of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory TM dimensions and their associated factors, identified by multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS Professors with a high level of excessive work (29.40%) had 2.75 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.08 times the chance of high depersonalization. Regarding professors with a high level of compulsive work (8.03%), they had 4.88 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.97 times the chance of high depersonalization. No association of excessive work and compulsive work with low professional fulfillment was identified. CONCLUSION The results showed a statistically significant association of excessive work and compulsive work with high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization, allowing managers and professors to reflect the criteria that guide their work processes, to adopt management models, institutional regulatory policies, and strategies to improve the working conditions and health of professors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a associação entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com as dimensões da síndrome de burnout em docentes de mestrado e doutorado em Letras e Linguística do Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado com 585 docentes permanentes de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Letras e Linguística do Brasil. A obtenção dos dados ocorreu entre fevereiro e agosto de 2019, por meio de um questionário online. Os desfechos deste estudo foram as dimensões trabalho compulsivo e trabalho excessivo da escala Dutch Work Addiction Scale, as dimensões da Maslach Burnout Inventory TM e seus fatores associados, identificados por modelos múltiplos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS Docentes com alto nível de trabalho excessivo (29,40%) apresentaram 2,75 vezes a chance de exaustão emocional alta e 2,08 vezes a chance de despersonalização alta. Quanto aos docentes com alto nível de trabalho compulsivo (8,03%), apresentaram 4,88 vezes a chance de exaustão emocional alta e 2,97 vezes a chance de despersonalização alta. Não foi identificado associação entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com a baixa realização profissional. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados mostraram que existe uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre trabalho excessivo e trabalho compulsivo com exaustão emocional alta e despersonalização alta, possibilitando aos gestores e docentes refletirem os critérios que norteiam seus processos laborais, a fim de adotarem modelos de gestão, políticas reguladoras institucionais e estratégias adequadas para melhorar as condições de trabalho e saúde dos docentes.

Fatores relacionados à dependência do smartphone em adolescentes de uma região do Nordeste brasileiro / Factors related to smartphone addiction in adolescents from a region in Northeastern Brazil

Resumo Há relatos de efeitos adversos na saúde física e mental dos adolescentes associados ao uso excessivo do smartphone. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a dependência do smartphone e os fatores relacionados em adolescentes de uma região do Nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em seis Escolas Estaduais de Educação Profissional (EEEPs), na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, desenvolvido entre setembro e outubro de 2019. Participaram 286 adolescentes, entre 15 e 19 anos, que responderam cinco instrumentos de coleta. Análises bivariada e multivariada foram utilizadas para avaliar os fatores relacionados ao desfecho, pelo SPSS versão 23.0. A dependência do smartphone apresentou prevalência de 70,3%, e mostrava associação com menor idade (OR=0,583; p=0,001), menos horas de sono (OR=0,715; p=0,020), mais tempo de uso no final de semana (OR=1,115; p=0,015), queixa de dor cervical (OR=2,206; p=0,020) e suspeita de transtorno mental comum (OR=1,272; p=0,000). Evidenciou-se elevada dependência do smartphone nos adolescentes da amostra, relacionada a múltiplos fatores. Alerta-se para a importância de campanhas educativas que orientem os adolescentes, pais, educadores e profissionais de saúde para os riscos do uso excessivo de smartphones à saúde dos adolescentes.

Abstract Adverse effects on the physical and mental health of adolescents associated with excessive smartphone use have been reported. This paper aims to assess adolescent smartphone addiction and related factors in a region in Northeastern Brazil. This cross-sectional study was carried out in six State-run Professional Education Schools in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, from September to October 2019 with 286 adolescents aged 15-19 years who completed five data collection instruments. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors related to the outcome using SPSS version 23.0. Smartphone addiction prevalence rate was 70,3% and was associated with being underage (OR=0,583; p=0,001), fewer sleep hours (OR=0,715; p=0,020), longer use on weekends (OR=1,115; p=0,015), cervical pain (OR=2,206; p=0,020), and suspected common mental disorder (OR=1,272; p=0,000). A high smartphone addiction level was observed among adolescents in the sample and was related to multiple factors. Attention should be drawn to the importance of educational campaigns to guide adolescents, parents, educators, and health professionals about the risks of excessive smartphone use to the health of adolescents.

Predictors of gaming disorder in children and adolescents: a school-based study

Objective: To determine whether psychiatric and gaming pattern variables are associated with gaming disorder in a school-based sample. Methods: We analyzed data from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort for Psychiatric Disorders, a community sample aged 10 to 18, using questionnaires on gaming use patterns. We applied the Gaming Addiction Scale to diagnose gaming disorder and the Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment for other diagnoses. Results: Out of 407 subjects, 83 (20.4%) fulfilled the criteria for gaming disorder. More role-playing game players were diagnosed with gaming disorder that any other genre. Gaming disorder rates increased proportionally to the number of genres played. Playing online, being diagnosed with a mental disorder, and more hours of non-stop gaming were associated with higher rates of gaming disorder. When all variables (including age and gender) were considered in a logistic regression model, the number of genres played, the number of non-stop hours, the proportion of online games, and having a diagnosed mental disorder emerged as significant predictors of gaming disorder. Conclusion: Each variable seems to add further risk of gaming disorder among children and adolescents. Monitoring the length of gaming sessions, the number and type of genres played, time spent gaming online, and behavior changes may help parents or guardians identify unhealthy patterns of gaming behavior.

Prevalence and risk factors for internet gaming disorder

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and associated risk factors in a sample of secondary and postsecondary students from a public federal institution of higher education (Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia) in Southern Brazil. Methods: The study included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR), the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN), and the Game Addiction Scale (GAS). Finally, IGD was measured with the Brazilian version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), which has been psychometrically validated in this population. Results: Overall, 38.2% (n=212) of the sample exhibited IGD symptoms, with 18.2% (n=101) being classed as at-risk gamers. Regression analysis found IGD to be associated with male gender, severe depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality, increased time spent gaming, and total free time spent gaming (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of IGD in this sample was relatively high, and associated risk factors found were similar to those previously reported in the literature. Further studies investigating the epidemiology of IGD in Brazilian samples are warranted to better understand treatment needs and inform preventive measures in this population.

Fatores associados ao estilo de vida de estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas / Factores vinculados al estilo de vida de estudiantes del secundario de escuelas públicas / Factors associated with the lifestyle of high school students from public schools

Resumo OBJETIVO Avaliar os fatores associados ao estilo de vida de estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas. MÉTODO Estudo transversal e analítico, realizado em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Participaram 819 estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas estaduais, em 2016/2017. Utilizou-se um questionário que contemplava variáveis sociodemográficas, escolares, autopercepção da qualidade de vida, sintomas depressivos, adicção em Internet e estilo de vida. Utilizou-se Razão de Chances, mediante a Regressão Logística. RESULTADOS Entre os participantes, 92,2% possuíam estilo de vida desejável, com escore médio de 70,75 pontos (±11,60). Na análise múltipla, permaneceram associadas ao estilo de vida as variáveis autopercepção da qualidade de vida (p=0,005), sintomas depressivos (p<0,001) e adicção em Internet (p=0,007). CONCLUSÃO A melhoria da qualidade de vida, apoio emocional e educação quanto ao uso adequado da Internet devem ser abordados pelo enfermeiro nas ações de promoção da saúde no ambiente escolar.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar los factores vinculados al estilo de vida de estudiantes del secundario de escuelas públicas. MÉTODO Estudio transversal, analítico, realizado en Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. Participaron 819 estudiantes del secundario de escuelas públicas en 2016/2017. Se utilizó una encuesta con variables sociodemográficas, escolares, autopercepción de la calidad de vida, síntomas depresivos, adicción a Internet y estilo de vida. Se utilizó la Razón de Chances, mediante la Regresión Logística. RESULTADOS El 92,2% poseía un estilo de vida deseable, con una puntuación media de 70,75 puntos (±11,60). Se asociaron al estilo de vida: autopercepción de la calidad de vida (p= 0,005), síntomas depresivos (p<0,001), y adicción a Internet (p=0,007). CONCLUSIÓN La mejora de la calidad de vida, el apoyo emocional y la educación para un debido uso de Internet deben ser abordados por el enfermero en las acciones de promoción de la salud en el ambiente escolar.

Abstract OBJECTIVE It was aimed to assess the factors associated with the lifestyle of high school students from public schools. METHOD Cross-sectional and analytical study, in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. 819 high school students from state public schools participated in 2016/2017. A questionnaire was used that included sociodemographic, school variables, self-perception of quality of life, depressive symptoms, Internet addiction and lifestyle. The Chances Ratio was used, through Logistic Regression. RESULTS Among the participants, 92.2% had a desirable lifestyle, with a mean score of 70.75 points (±11.60). In the multiple analysis, the variables self-perception of quality of life (p= 0.005), depressive symptoms (p<0.001) and Internet addiction (p=0.007) remained associated with lifestyle. CONCLUSION The improvement of the quality of life, emotional support and education regarding the adequate use of the Internet should be addressed by the nurse in actions to promote health in the school environment.

Comorbid addictive behaviors in disordered gamblers with psychosis

Objective: While it has been shown that disordered gamblers with psychosis are at increased risk for comorbid psychopathology, it is unclear whether this dual-diagnosis population is also at greater risk of problematic engagement with comorbid addictive behaviors. Methods: We tested for association between disordered gambling with psychosis and comorbid addictive behaviors in a sample of 349 treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. Results: Twenty-five (7.2%) disordered gamblers met criteria for psychosis. Disordered gamblers with psychosis were no more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for current alcohol/substance use disorder than disordered gamblers without psychosis. However, this dual-disorder population reported greater misuse of shopping, food bingeing, caffeine, and prescription drugs. When controlling for multiple comparisons, binge eating was the only addictive behavior to remain significant. Conclusion: Given these findings, a comprehensive assessment of addictive behaviors - specifically food bingeing - in this population may be warranted.

Association between the display of cigarette packs at the point of sale and smoking susceptibility among adolescents in Brazil / Associação entre a exposição a maços de cigarros em pontos de venda e susceptibilidade ao tabagismo entre adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT This was a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the association between exposure to tobacco displays at the point of sale and susceptibility to smoking in schoolchildren in the 14- to 17-year age bracket. Of the participating students, 69.0%, 21.3%, and 9.7% were classified as never smokers, experimenters, and smokers, respectively. Of the participants who were classified as being exposed to smoking, 18.9% were susceptible to smoking. Of the participants who were classified as being unexposed to smoking, 12.9% were susceptible to smoking (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.04 -2.35; p = 0.029). Exposure to point-of-sale tobacco displays is associated with smoking susceptibility in Brazilian adolescents.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de verificar a associação entre a exposição a maços de cigarros em pontos de venda e a susceptibilidade ao tabagismo, foi realizado um estudo transversal com escolares entre 14 e 17 anos. Destes, 69,0% eram nunca fumantes, 21,3% eram experimentadores, e 9,7% eram fumantes. Entre os escolares expostos a maços de cigarros nos pontos de venda, 18,9% eram susceptíveis ao tabagismo, enquanto entre os estudantes não expostos, 12,9% eram susceptíveis a fumar (OR = 1,56; IC95%: 1,04-2,35; p = 0,029). Conclui-se que a exposição a maços de cigarros em pontos de venda está associada à susceptibilidade ao tabagismo entre adolescentes brasileiros.

Frecuencia de adicción a internet y desarrollo de habilidades sociales en adolescentes de una localidad urbana de Lima / Frequency of Internet addiction and development of social skills in adolescents in an urban area of Lima

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de adicción a internet y su relación con el grado de desarrollo de habilidades sociales en adolescentes en la localidad de Condevilla, distrito de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó el grado de habilidades sociales y grado de uso de internet en adolescentes de 10 a 19 años, de quinto de primaria a tercero de secundaria de los dos colegios estatales de la localidad de Condevilla. Se escogieron aulas al azar y se aplicó el cuestionario a todos los adolescentes presentes. Las encuestas utilizadas fueron Escala de Adicción a Internet de Lima para determinar el grado de adicción a internet y el Test de Habilidades Sociales del Ministerio de Salud de Perú, en el cual se evaluaron autoestima, asertividad, comunicación y toma de decisiones. El análisis se realizó mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Además, se empleó un modelo lineal generalizado, utilizando la familia binomial y el link log para determinar las razones de prevalencias. RESULTADOS: Se aplicaron ambos cuestionarios a 179 adolescentes, de los cuales 49,2% eran varones. La mediana de la edad fue 13 años y 78,8% se encontraban en educación secundaria. Se encontró adicción a internet en 12,9% de los casos, la mayoría del sexo masculino (78,3%, p=0,003). En el análisis multivariado, los factores independientes asociados con la adicción a internet fueron sexo masculino (p=0,016) y tener bajas habilidades sociales, en comparación a altas habilidades sociales (p=0,004). CONCLUSIONES: En adolescentes varones, existe relación entre adicción a internet y habilidades sociales bajas, dentro de las cuales resulta estadísticamente significativa en el área de comunicación.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of Internet addiction and its relationship with the development of social skills in adolescents in the town of Condevilla, district of San Martin de Porres, Lima - Peru. METHODS: The degree of social skills and level of internet use was evaluated in adolescents from 10 to 19 years of 5th to 11th grades in two secondary schools in the town of Condevilla. Classrooms were randomly selected, and the questionnaires were applied to all adolescents. Two questionnaires were applied: Scale for Internet Addiction of Lima to determine the extent of Internet use, and the Social Skills Test from the Ministry of Health of Peru, which evaluates self-esteem, assertiveness, communication and decision-making. The analyses by Chi2 test and Fisher's exact test, as well as a generalized linear model (GLM) were performed using the binomial family. RESULTS: Both questionnaires were applied to 179 adolescents, of whom 49.2% were male. The main age was 13 years, 78.8% of which were in secondary school. Internet addiction was found in 12.9% of respondents, of whom the majority were male (78.3%, p = 0.003) and had a higher prevalence of low social skills (21.7%, p = 0.45). In multivariate analysis, the independent factors associated with Internet addiction were gender (p = 0.016) and to have low social skills compared to high social skills (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents, there is a relationship between internet addiction and low social skills, among which the area of communication is statistically significant.

Intentos de suicidio y heridas auto-inferidas: 12 meses de seguimiento de conductas de riesgo de consumidores de cocaína no consultantes de servicios de rehabilitación / Suicide attempts and self inflicted harm: a one year follow up of risk behaviors among out of treatment cocaine users

Background: Cocaine users tend to have a higher frequency of risk behaviors. Aim: To compare risk behaviors of out ­of ­treatment Cocaine Base Paste (CBP) and Cocaine Hydrochloride (CH) users, by means of Privileged Access Interviewing in a one­ year prospective study. Material and Methods: Twenty ­eight interviewers were trained to recruit and administer a questionnaire on substance use patterns and related risk behaviors. Intentioned sampling was carried out in four municipalities of Santiago, Chile. Subjects who used CBP (group 1) or CH (group 2) at least once in the last month, with primary current use of CBP (group 1) or CH (group 2), and without treatment for substance abuse in the last six months were interviewed. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were employed to compare risk behaviors during follow ­up. Results: Four hundred and two of 467 subjects (86.1%) were followed up for one year. CBP users (n = 204) reported greater frequency of self ­inflicted injuries (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.97 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.07­3.66]) and suicide attempts (OR: 2.68 [95% CI: 1.19­6.01]) than CH users. Conclusions: CBP users had a greater frequency of self ­inflicted injuries and suicide attempts, both life threatening risk behaviors, than CH users. This profile shows the high vulnerability of CBP users and should encourage further research and design of outreach interventions, particularly focused on this group.

Asociación entre adicción a la comida y estado nutricional en universitarios chilenos / Association between food addiction and nutritional status in Chilean college students

Background: High calorie foods, especially high in sugar and sodium may have an addictive potential. Experimental rats are able to develop symptoms and neurochemical changes, comparable to those observed in drug abuse, when they are exposed intermittently to sucrose. Aim: To evaluate the association between nutritional status and the prevalence of food addiction in Chilean college students. Material and Methods: Food addiction was assessed using the Yale Food Addiction Scale in 292 Chilean students aged 18-39 years (35% males). Height and weight were measured and body mass index (weight/height²) was calculated. Results: Eleven percent of participants met the criteria for food addiction. Women had a higher prevalence than men (14.4% and 4.8%, respectively). Thirty percent of individuals with a body mass index over 30 kg/m² met the criteria for food addiction. Conclusions: In these Chilean students, food addiction was more prevalent in women and a higher prevalence was observed in obese individuals.

Prevalencia estimada de juego patológico en estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, año 2013 / Estimated prevalence of pathological gambling among college students of the Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 2013

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las adicciones conductuales se caracterizan por una pérdida del control del sujeto sobre una determinada conducta, siendo el juego patológico (JP) la más estudiada de ellas. El JP se asocia con graves problemas académicos, alcoholismo, depresión y suicidio por lo que es fundamental saber su prevalencia en la población universitaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de potenciales ludópatas entre estudiantes regulares de pregrado de la Universidad Austral de Chile durante el año 2013. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. A fines de 2013 se invitó a participar de una encuesta de auto aplicación on-line a los estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Esta incluyó el cuestionario sobre JP basado en los criterios DSM-IV-TR y DSM V. El punto de corte para determinar potencial adicción fue de 5/10 criterios. Se utilizó Microsoft Excel para análisis. RESULTADOS: Se recopilaron 1.613 encuestas, siendo 1.254 válidas. La muestra se conformó por hombres: 53,9% y mujeres: 46,09%, la edad media correspondió a 21,62 años. El 6,38% (n=80) puede ser catalogado como potenciales jugadores patológicos. De ellos, el 77,5% (n=62) fueron hombres y 22,5% (n=18) mujeres. Si se compara la prevalencia obtenida con DSM-IV-TR y DSM V esta aumenta en un 60% con DSM V respecto al anterior. DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia estimada de JP en este estudio es similar a la de otros países. Hay marcado predominio de hombres. Se aprecia importante diferencia en la prevalencia dependiendo de qué criterio diagnóstico se use

INTRODUCTION: Behavioral addictions are characterized by a loss of control of the subject over a certain behavior, being pathological gambling (JP) the most studied of them. JP is associated with serious academic problems, alcoholism, depression and suicide, so it is essential to know its prevalence in the university population. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of potential gamblers among regular undergraduate students of the Austral University of Chile during 2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study of transverse cut. At the end of 2013, the students of the Austral University of Chile were invited to participate in an online self-application survey. This included the JP questionnaire based on the DSM-IV-TR and DSM V criteria. The cut-off point for determining potential addiction was 5/10 criteria. Microsoft Excel was used for analysis. RESULTS: 1,613 surveys were collected, 1,254 of which were valid. The sample was made up of 53.9% men and 46.09% women, the mean age was 21.62 years. 6.38% (n = 80) can be classified as potential pathological players. Of these, 77.5% (n = 62) were men and 22.5% (n = 18) were women. If the prevalence obtained with DSM-IV-TR and DSM V is compared, it increases by 60% with DSM V compared to the previous one. DISCUSSION: The estimated prevalence of JP in this study is similar to that of other countries. There is a marked predominance of men. There is a significant difference in prevalence depending on which diagnostic criterion is used.

Psychometric properties of the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) in Brazil / Propriedades psicométricas da sexta versão da Escala de Gravidade de Dependência (ASI-6) no Brasil

BACKGROUND: There are few research tools in Brazil to assess more broadly the alcohol and other drug related problems. OBJECTIVE: To test the psychometric properties of ASI in its sixth version (ASI-6). METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in four Brazilian state capitals. Four research centers interviewed 150 adult inpatients or outpatients, and one research center interviewed 140 patients. A total of 740 substance abusers were selected. Training and supervision of interviewers were performed to assure the quality of dada collected. RESULTS: Most areas of the ASI showed good reliability between the instrument and the interviewers, with no statistically significant differences between the ASI-6 Summary Scores for Recent Functioning (SS-Rs) of both interviews. Cronbach's alpha for ASI-6 subscales ranged from 0.64 to 0.95. Correlations between the ASI-6 Alcohol and Drug scores and the concurrent instrument (ASSIST) were high (0.72 and 0.89, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between the scores in psychiatric, medical and drug areas and the scores of WHOQOL. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the psychometric properties of ASI-6 both in outpatients and inpatients in Brazil indicate a good reliability and validity of this instrument for the Brazilian culture. The development of this instrument in Brazil is an important advancement, which will certainly have implications for the prevention, clinical research, and social rehabilitation fields.

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem poucos instrumentos de pesquisa no Brasil que avaliam de forma mais ampla os problemas relacionados ao álcool e a outras drogas. OBJETIVO: Testar as propriedades psicométricas da ASI, em sua sexta versão (ASI-6). MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal e multicêntrico foi conduzido em quatro capitais de estados brasileiros. Quatro centros de pesquisa entrevistaram 150 pacientes adultos internados ou em tratamento ambulatorial. Foram selecionados um total de 740 abusadores de substâncias. A qualidade dos dados coletados foi assegurada pelo treinamento e supervisão aos entrevistadores. RESULTADOS: A maioria das áreas da ASI mostraram boa confiabilidade entre o instrumento e os entrevistadores, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os Escores Sumários de Funcionamento Recente da ASI-6. O alfa de Cronbach para as subescalas da ASI-6 variou de 0,64 a 0,95. Correlações entre os escores da área Álcool e Drogas da ASI-6 e o instrumento concorrente (ASSIST) foram altas (0,72 e 0,89, respectivamente). Existiu uma correlação negativa estatisticamente significativa entre os escores nas áreas psiquiátrica, médica e drogas, e os escores da WHOQOL. CONCLUSÃO: A análise das propriedades psicométricas da ASI-6 tanto em sujeitos internados quanto em tratamento ambulatorial no Brasil apontam para uma boa confiabilidade e validade deste instrumento para a cultura brasileira.

Negative addiction to exercise: are there differences between genders?

INTRODUCTION: Regular physical exercise has numerous benefits. However, there is a subset of the exercising population who may develop a compulsion to exercise excessively and who may, as a consequence, display physiological and psychological changes that have a direct influence on their quality of life. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine if there are differences between male and female athletes' scores on measures of negative addiction symptoms, quality of life, mood and sleep. METHODS: 144 female and 156 male athletes participated in this study by answering the following questionnaires: Negative Addiction Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Profile of Mood States, SF-36 Quality of Life, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. RESULTS: Higher dedication to training sessions in the male group, and members of the female group with symptoms of negative addiction to exercise showed a lower score on vigor observed by the Profile of Mood States compared to the males in both situations. We also observed depression symptoms in both members of groups who had negative addiction symptoms when compared with their peers without symptoms, and these figures were even higher in females compared with the male group in the same situation. CONCLUSION: No differences were seen in the development of negative addiction exercise symptoms in males and females and there were no changes in the quality of life and mood of these athletes. Further studies of eating disorders associated with changes in body image perception could contribute to a better understanding of negative addiction to exercise.

Internet addiction, prevalence and epidemiological features in mazandaran province, northern Iran

The concept of internet addiction, also called internet addictive disorder or pathological internet use, entered the medical lexicon in 1995. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of internet addiction among north Iranian internet users and to explore the epidemiological features associated with internet addiction.1856 internet user volunteers' from Mazandaran Province cities were surveyed, using Farsi version of Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire during 2005-2006. 424 dependent users were enrolled. The incidence rate of internet addiction was 22.8%. Dependent users spent a mean of 14.4 hours per week [SD=13.7] compared to non-dependent users who spent a mean of 9.0 hours per week [SD=10.4]. The dependent users were 256 males and 165 females. Dependent users predominantly used the two-way communication functions available on the internet like chat rooms. The present study suggests that internet addiction is common among northern Iranian internet users. In addition, chat rooms are most addictive web environment among this population

Caracterização da cultura de crack na cidade de São Paulo: padrão de uso controlado / Characterization of the crack cocaine culture in the city of São Paulo: a controlled pattern of use / Caracterización de la cultura de crack en la ciudad de Sao Paulo: el padrón del uso controlado

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a situação do uso de crack na cidade de São Paulo, assim como o perfil sociodemográfico de seu usuário. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo qualitativo etnográfico com amostra intencional de usuários (n=45) e ex-usuários de crack (n=17). Os participantes foram recrutados pela técnica de amostragem em cadeias e responderam a uma entrevista semi-estruturada, direcionada por questionário, durante os anos de 2004 e 2005. O conjunto de cada questão e suas respectivas respostas originou relatórios específicos que foram interpretados individualmente. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: O perfil predominante do usuário de crack foi ser homem, jovem, solteiro, de baixa classe socioeconômica, baixo nível de escolaridade e sem vínculos empregatícios formais. O padrão de uso mais freqüentemente citado foi o compulsivo, caracterizado pelo uso múltiplo de drogas e desenvolvimento de atividades ilícitas em troca de crack ou dinheiro. Entretanto, identificou-se o uso controlado que consiste no uso não-diário de crack, mediado por fatores individuais, desenvolvidos intuitivamente pelo usuário e semelhantes, em natureza, às estratégias adotadas por ex-usuários para o alcance do estado de abstinência. CONCLUSÕES: A cultura do uso de crack tem sofrido mudanças quanto ao padrão de uso. Embora a maioria dos usuários o faça de forma compulsiva, observou-se a existência do uso controlado, que merece maior detalhamento, principalmente quanto às estratégias adotadas para seu alcance.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the situation regarding crack cocaine use in the city of São Paulo, along with the sociodemographic profile of its users.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la situación del uso de crack en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, así como el perfil sociodemográfico del usuario.

Dependência de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos: uma revisão / Internet and videogame addiction: a review

OBJETIVO: Com a inclusão das novas tecnologias contemporâneas, a Internet e os jogos eletrônicos tornaram-se ferramentas de uso amplo e irrestrito, transformando-se em um dos maiores fenômenos mundiais da última década. Diversas pesquisas atestam os benefícios desses recursos, mas seu uso sadio e adaptativo progressivamente deu lugar ao abuso e à falta de controle ao criar severos impactos na vida cotidiana de milhões de usuários. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar de forma sistemática os artigos que examinam a dependência de Internet e jogos eletrônicos na população geral. Almejamos, portanto, avaliar a evolução destes conceitos no decorrer da última década, assim como contribuir para a melhor compreensão do quadro e suas comorbidades. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura através do MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO e Cochrane usando-se como parâmetro os termos: "Internet addiction", pathological "Internet use", "problematic Internet use", "Internet abuse", "videogame", "computer games" e "electronic games". A busca eletrônica foi feita até dezembro de 2007. DISCUSSÃO: Estudos realizados em diferentes países apontam para prevalências ainda muito diversas, o que provavelmente se deve à falta de consenso e ao uso de diferentes denominações, dando margem à adoção de distintos critérios diagnósticos. Muitos pacientes que relatam o uso abusivo e dependência passam a apresentar prejuízos significativos na vida profissional, acadêmica (escolar), social e familiar. CONCLUSÕES: São necessárias novas investigações para determinar se esse uso abusivo de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos pode ser compreendido como uma das mais novas classificações psiquiátricas do século XXI ou apenas substratos de outros transtornos.

OBJECTIVE: With the introduction of the new technologies to our daily lives, the Internet and electronic games have become widely and unrestrictedly used tools and one of the major global phenomena in the last decade. Several investigations have attested the benefits from such resources; however, their healthy, adaptive use progressively gave place to their abuse and the lack of control, which have severely impacted on the daily life of millions of users. The objective of this study was to systematically review the articles looking into Internet and electronic games addiction in the general population. We intend, therefore, to evaluate the progression of these concepts in the course of the last decade, as well as contributing to better understand this condition and its comorbidities. METHOD: A systematic literature review was conducted by means of MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO, and Cochrane using the following terms as a parameter: "Internet addiction", "pathological internet use", "internet abuse", "videogame" , "computer games" and "electronic games". The electronic search was done up to December 2007. DISCUSSION: Studies conducted in distinct countries still indicate very different prevalence rates; this is probably due to the absence of consensus and the use of diverse names, which brings about the adoption of distinct diagnostic criteria. Many patients reporting abusive use and dependence show significant consequences to their professional, academic (school), social and family lives. CONCLUSIONS: Further investigations are needed to determine whether this abusive Internet and electronic game use should be understood as one of the newest psychiatric classifications of the 21st century or just substrates of other disorders.

Evaluación del uso de video juego en escolares de la Región Metropolitana / Evaluation of the use of video game in school children of Metropolitan Region

Introducción: Los video juegos (VJ) producen alteraciones fisiológicas y conductuales a corto plazo. Un 10-15 por ciento de los jugadores desarrollan conductas adictivas. Objetivo: describir el uso de los VJ en población escolar de la región metropolitana, analizar variables individuales y familiares, determinando asociación entre el uso de los VJ y factores de riesgo para adicción. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo descriptivo. Autoaplicación de encuesta con criterios de Tejeiro para adicción a VJ y Apgar familiar. Se utilizó stata 8.1. Resultados: 363 niños encuestados entre 9 y 16 años. Los varones cumplen más criterios para adicción a VJ (p<0.05). Se diferenciaron 2 grupos, bajo riesgo (52.03 por ciento) y alto riesgo de adicción a VJ (47.97 por ciento). Mayor riesgo de adicción en niños insertos en familias disfuncionales con mala supervisión parental y que juegan más de una hora de lunes a viernes. Conclusiones: Se observa asociación entre mayores puntajes en la escala de adicción a VJ con sexo masculino, disfunción familiar, menor supervisión parenteral, menor rendimiento escolar y mayor número de horas dedicadas al uso de video juegos. Es fundamental ampliar la muestra para determinar si los criterios pueden ser aplicados ala población general.

Introduction: video games produce physiologic and conductual abnormalities in short terms. 10 to 15 percent of the video game players develop addictive conducts. Objetive: To describe the use of the video games in the school age population in the metropolitan region and analyze individual and family variables, to determine an association between tha use of video games and the presence of risk factors for addiction. Design: Prospective descriptive study consistent in the selfaplication questionnaire based on Tejeiros addiction to video game criteria and family Apgar. Stata 8.1 was used. Results: The questionnaire was aplicated to 363 children between 9 and 16 years old. Men fulfill more video game addiction criteria. (p < 0.05). Two groups were determined, low risk (52,03 percent) and high risk for videogame addiction was found in children with family malfunction and poor parental supervision that played video games for more than one four from monday to friday. Conclusions: There is an association between high score in the video game addiction scale, male gender, family malfunction, low parental supervision, low scholastic yield and greater number of hours dedicated to video games. It is fundamental to extend the sample, to determine whether the criteria can be applied to the general population.

Consumo de sustancias y conductas de riesgo en consumidores de pasta base de cacaína no consultantes a servicios de rehabilitación / Substance use and risk behaviors of out-of-treatment cocaine base paste and cocaine hydrochloride users

Background: In Chile, cocaine base paste (CBP) is the illegal substance that produces the highest rate of addiction. Nonetheless, a marginal number of users receive treatment each year. Aim: To compare the consumption patterns and risk behavior of CBP and cocaine hydrochloride (CH) users who do not attend rehabilitation services. Material and Methods: In a prospective research design, through a study methodology called Privileged Access Interview of hidden populations, 28 surveyors recruited 231 CBP users (group 1) and 236 CH users (group 2). The Risk Behavior Questionnaire was applied in four communities of Metropolitan Santiago, that have the highest prevalence of PBC and CH use. Results: CBP users showed higher schools drop-out and unemployment rates. Subjects of both groups were predominantly polysubstance and polyaddicted users. The severity of addiction to CBP of group 1 was significantly higher than the severity of addiction to CH of group 2 (5.5 versus 5.1: p<0.001). CBP users showed significantly higher rates of sexual risk behaviors, antisocial behavior, self infliction of injuries, suicide attempt and child neglect. Conclusions: A higher vulnerability was shown for users of CBP than those of CH. Attention is drawn to the need for developing community interventions in order to alter substance abuse and the risk behavior of these vulnerable groups.

Factors on Internet Game Addiction among Adolescents / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore factors related to internet game addiction for adolescents. METHOD: This study was a cross-sectional survey, and data was collected through self-report questionnaires. Data was analyzed using the SPSS program. RESULTS: In logistic regression analysis, the risk of being addicted to internet games was2.22 times higher in males than females. Adolescents with low and middle academic performance also had a higher risk(2.08 times and2.54 times) to become addicted to internet games. For the location of the computer, the risk of becoming addicted to internet games were .01 times lower in the living room or brother or sisters' room than in their own room. The risk of becoming addicted to internet games was 1.18 times higher in the higher usage time of internet games. The risk of becoming addicted to internet games was .49 times lower in the more accepting and autonomic parents' rearing attitude and .02 times lower in the high self-efficacy group than the low group. CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggests that there are noticeable relationships between internet game addiction and gender, academic performance, location of computer, usage time of internet games, parents' rearing attitude, and self efficacy.